The Indian Army has launched a major modernization program for its legacy ZU-23-2 air defence guns, converting the manually operated 1960s-era system into a modern all-weather platform designed to counter drones and low-altitude aerial threats. The upgrade reflects the Army’s evolving doctrine in response to the growing use of swarm drones and loitering munitions along sensitive borders such as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Line of Control (LoC).
Central to the modernization is the integration of an advanced Electro-Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) targeting suite that significantly improves the system’s surveillance and engagement capabilities. The upgraded package combines a high-definition daylight camera with a thermal imaging system capable of detecting aerial targets at ranges of approximately 5 to 6 kilometres. This enables effective day-and-night operations, including under poor visibility and adverse weather conditions.
The platform also incorporates a Laser Range Finder (LRF) linked to a digital fire control computer. Unlike the earlier manually estimated targeting process, the upgraded system automatically calculates firing solutions in real time. By factoring in target speed, direction, and trajectory, the fire control system can generate accurate lead angles against fast-moving threats such as drones, greatly improving engagement accuracy and hit probability.
In addition to the sensor and fire-control enhancements, the ZU-23-2 is undergoing a major mechanical upgrade. The original manual hand-wheel controls are being replaced by high-torque electric drive motors that enable automated tracking and smoother engagement of rapidly manoeuvring aerial targets. This transition from manual operation to assisted or automated targeting substantially reduces operator workload while improving reaction time and precision.
The Army plans to deploy 142 upgraded ZU-23-2 systems to defend “Vulnerable Areas and Points” (VAs/VPs), including forward airbases, logistics centres, fuel storage facilities, and other critical infrastructure. The deployment is particularly important in high-threat regions where low-cost drones can be employed for surveillance, reconnaissance, or precision strike missions.
The modernization effort also complements broader upgrades underway across the Army Air Defence (AAD) network, including improvements to the ZSU-23-4 Shilka systems. Maintaining commonality in ammunition, spare parts, and maintenance support across these platforms is expected to improve operational efficiency and logistical sustainability within air defence regiments.
